The development of materials for any replacement or regeneration application should be based on the thorough understanding of the structure to be substituted. This is true in many fields, but particularly exigent in substitution and regeneration medicine. The demands upon the material properties largely depend on the site of application and the function it has to restore. Ideally, a replacement material should mimic the living tissue from a mechanical, chemical, biological and functional point of view. Of course this is much easier to write down than to implement in clinical practice. Mineralized tissues such as bones, tooth and shells have attracted, in the last few years, considerable interest as natural anisotropic composite structures with adequate mechanical properties. In fact, Nature is and will continue to be the best materials scientist ever. Who better than nature can design complex structures and control the intricate phenomena (processing routes) that lead to the final shape and structure (from the macro to the nano level) of living creatures? Who can combine biological and physico-chemical mechanisms in such a way that can build ideal structure-properties relationships? Who, else than Nature, can really design smart structural components that respond in-situ to exterior stimulus, being able of adapting constantly their microstructure and correspondent properties? In the described philosophy line, mineralized tissues and biomineralization processes are ideal examples to learn-from for the materials scientist of the future.

Structure and Mechanical Functions in Biological Materials.- Structure-Mechanical Function Relations in Bones and Teeth.- Hierarchical Structure and Mechanical Adaptation of Biological Materials.- Bioceramics, Bioactive Materials and Surface Analysis.- Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials: An Overview.- Nanostructural Control of Implantable Xerogels for the Controlled Release of Biomolecules.- Surface Analysis of Biomaterials and Biomineralization.- Biomimetics and Biomimetic Coatings.- Biomimetics and Bioceramics.- New Biomimetic Coating Technologies and Incorporation of Bioactive Agents and Proteins.- Learning from Nature How to Design Biomimetic Calcium-Phosphate Coatings.- Learning from Marine Creatures How to Design Micro-Lenses.- Tissue Engineering of Mineralized Tissues.- Inkjet Printing for Biomimetic and Biomedical Materials.- Stem Cells and Bioactive Materials.- Embryonic Stem Cells for the Engineering and Regeneration of Mineralized Tissues.- Tissue Engineering of Mineralized Tissues: The Essential Elements.